Individuals with autism may try to appear more “neurotypical” to protect themselves, but this is often the case … [+]
“Autistic masking” or camouflage refers to the conscious or unconscious attempt to hide or suppress traits and behaviors associated with autism, to blend in, or to meet societal expectations. This may include mimicking neurotypical social cues, facial expressions, making small talk, hiding emotional distress, or changing body language to fit in with others.
However, the emotional toll of constantly suppressing natural tendencies can lead to negative mental health consequences such as fatigue, increased anxiety, and disconnection from one’s true identity, according to a 2021 study published in Autism in adulthood.
Regardless of the cost, masking is a habit that many autistic individuals develop, growing up in a world of neurotypical tendencies. In a 2019 study published in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, RESEARCHERS surveyed 262 autistic adults to learn the main reasons behind such behavior.
Here are two reasons why autistic individuals feel compelled to mask their traits, according to the study.
1. Adaptation and “transition” to a neurotypical world
The most common reason autistic individuals mask is the desire to fit in and avoid standing out in a predominantly neurotypical society. Many autistic individuals find it difficult to meet society’s expectations of social behavior, communication and body language.
Many autistic individuals also camouflage themselves to influence the impressions they make on others, especially in professional, educational or social contexts. They may feel pressure to present themselves in a way that conforms to neurotypical standards of behavior to avoid being judged as less capable or too socially awkward for these roles.
Additionally, a 2016 study published in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders found that adolescents with autism are often motivated to make friends and fit in with their peers, but have difficulty doing so and masquerading in the process.
This need to “pass” as neurotypical often stems from early experiences of feeling different or excluded. By camouflaging, autistic people try to better navigate social interactions and build relationships that might otherwise be difficult. However, this comes at the cost of their authentic self-expression.
2. Avoidance of retaliation and harassment
Another common reason behind masking is to protect against the negative reactions and bullying that can arise when one’s autistic traits are more visible. Many autistic individuals experience retaliation or mistreatment after revealing their autistic identity or behaving in ways that deviate from neurotypical norms.
For many people, past experiences of bullying or social rejection play a critical role in the decision to camouflage. By masking, they feel a sense of security, as it reduces the chances of attracting unwanted attention or criticism. While this strategy may prevent immediate harm, the long-term psychological cost of constantly defending against negative feedback can be profoundly exhausting.
“We currently think that masking includes things like making eye contact even if it makes you feel uncomfortable, or not talking too much about your interests for fear of being labeled ‘weird,'” write researchers of a 2020 study published in. Autism in adulthood.
“Autistic people grow up in a social world and experience a lot of negative views about autism. People need to understand that autism does not look like a ‘type’ of person,” the researchers add.
Additionally, a 2022 study published in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders found that masking is associated with social oppression of autistic people. Researchers stress the urgent need for greater acceptance of autism to protect their mental health.
Autistic masking is a deep-seated survival strategy born of the need to navigate a world that often struggles to make sense of neurodivergent experiences. Clearly, this takes a heavy toll. The solution lies not in seeking autistic individuals to fit into a neurotypical mold, but in creating spaces where diversity is not only tolerated, but truly embraced.
Neurotypical allies have a critical role to play in this—showing empathy, questioning their assumptions, dismantling stereotypes, and honoring the diverse ways people experience and interact with the world. Only then can we move towards a world where autistic individuals no longer feel the need to hide, but instead are celebrated for who they really are.
Are you curious if you are able to appear as your authentic self to others? Take this quiz to learn more: Authenticity on the relationship scale